Method and composition for improving fuel combustion

ABSTRACT

A method of improving the combustion of a fuel by adding a catalyst or combustion enhancer at an extremely low concentration, preferably in the range of 1 part catalyst per 200 million parts fuel to 1 part catalyst per 6 trillion parts fuel. The catalyst or combustion enhancer may be selected from a wide range of soluble compounds. The method may comprise the steps of an initial mixing of the catalyst or enhancer with a suitable solvent and then subsequent dilution steps using solvents or fuel. Suitable solvents include water, MTBE, methylketone, methyisobutylketone, butanol, isopropyl alcohol and other hydrophilic/oleophilic compounds.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to improved combustion of fuels and inparticular combustible hydrocarbon based fuels. More particularly, theinvention relates to a method and composition for mixing a catalyst orenhancer with fuel to enhance combustion in an engine.

BACKGROUND

Combustion of fossil fuels and in particular oil derived fuels such asgasoline and diesel is never completely efficient. The consequences ofinefficient combustion range through high fuel consumption, a build upof carbon on cylinder heads and on pistons, variations in motorefficiency and production of excess amounts of noxious bi-products suchas carbon monoxide, partially burnt hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides(“NO_(x)”).

Various fuel additives have been proposed to improve fuel economy andreduce combustion exhaust pollutants. Unburnt and partially burnt fuelrepresent both pollution of the combustion process and a financial lossto a purchaser of the fuel. The prior art has suggested addingcombustion improvers for diverse types of fuel usages including flameburners, diesel engines, gasoline internal combustion engines andvarious turbine configurations. These prior art additives have been invarious forms such as in a liquid state mixed with liquid carriers andsome in a solid state as appropriate for the combustion system underreview.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,129,421 to Webb discloses a catalytic fuel additive foruse in engines or furnaces. The additive employs a solution of picricacid and ferrous sulphate in specified alcohol. An example shows theadditive employed for use in gasoline engines at levels supplying around10 parts per billion of the combined catalyst. The disclosure indicateshigher but unspecified levels of use for heavy fuel oils. In all casesthe catalyst, is fully dissolved in the fuel.

U.S. Pat. No. 2,402,427 to Miller and Liber discloses the use of broadgroupings of diesel-fuel-soluble organic and organo metallic compoundsas ignition promoters at concentrations of from 0.02 to 3% (ie.200-30,000 parts per million).

Among the early patents on catalytic metal fuel additives, U.S. Pat.Nos. 2,086,775 and 2,151,432 to Lyons and McKone disclose adding from0.001 to 0.0085% (ie. from 10-850 parts per million) of an organometallic compound or mixture to a base fuel such as gasoline, benzene,fuel, oil, kerosene or blends to improve various aspects of engineperformance. Among the metals disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,086,775 arecobalt, nickel manganese, iron, copper, uranium, molybdenum, vanadium,zirconium, beryllium, platinum, palladium, chromium, aluminium, thoriumand the rare earth metals such as cerium.

Those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,151,432 include solanum, antimony,arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, admeium, tellurium, thallium, tin, barium,boron, cesium, didymium, lanthanum, potassium, sodium, tantalum,titanium, tungsten and zinc. In both patents, the preferred organometallic compounds were beta diketone and derivatives and theirhomologues such as the metal acetylacetonates, proprionyl acetonates,formyl acetonates and the like.

The Lyons and McKone disclosures state that concentrations of from 0.001to 0.04% (ie. from 10-400 parts per million) are not effective toimprove combustion efficiency as introduced, but may become so uponprolonged use as catalytically active deposits are built-up in thecombustion chamber. The disclosures further state that about 0.01% (ie.100 parts per million) of the organo metallic compound is usuallysufficient, once the requisite amount of catalytically active depositshave been built up to perpetuate the amount of deposits by replacementof losses therefrom.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,891,050 and 4,892,562 to Bowers and Sprague disclosethe use of fuel soluble platinum group metal compounds which wereeffective at what was labelled “extremely low concentrations” to improvefuel economy in gasoline and diesel engines respectively. In thiscontext, extremely low levels were seen as being in the range of 0.01 to1.0 parts per million of the platinum group metal compared to the fuelto which it was added.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,629,472 describes the use of 0.05 to 0.5 parts permillion catalyst to fuel oil when the catalyst was measured as metal ona weight basis. The preferred range of catalyst was 0.02 to 0.06 partsper million (ie. 2 parts per 100 million to 6 parts per 100 million). Itis apparent that the prior art teaches there is a lower limit at whichcatalysts cease contributing significantly to the combustion process. Asnoted earlier, the Lyons and McKone documents indicated thatconcentrations of around 10-400 parts per million of catalyst were onlyeffective once an adequate amount of catalytically active build-uparose.

Even U.S. Pat. No. 4,129,421 to Webb indicated a level of 1 part per 100million as necessary to provide a significant effect. It would be ofadvantage if a method could be described to provide combustionenhancement at lower levels of additive than previously used.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Broadly the present invention is a method of enhancing the combustion offuels by adding a combustion catalyst or enhancer to the fuel at anextremely low level depending on the fuel combustion system and methodof introducing the catalyst. Preferably the extremely low level is lessthan 1 part of catalyst or enhancer per 100 million parts of fuelcalculated by weight. The catalyst or enhancer may be beneficially addedat less than 1 part per 500 million and indeed less than 1 part ofcatalyst or enhancer per billion parts of fuel calculated on a weightbasis. The extremely low level may be a level of less than 1 part ofcatalyst or enhancer per 50 billion parts of fuel calculated by weight.Most preferably the catalyst or enhancer is present in the fuel in therange of around 1 part of catalyst per 100 billion parts of fuel toaround 1 part of catalyst or enhancer per 6 trillion parts of fuelcalculated by weight.

A suitable catalyst or enhancer may be one or more of polyvinylchloride, potassium hexachloroplatinate, hydrogen hexachloroplatinate orammonium nitrate, although any suitable catalyst or enhancer orcombination thereof known to a skilled addressee may be used.

Combustion may occur in an internal combustion engine, a turbine or in aboiler, jet engine, a furnace or otherwise for a purpose such asproviding heat or energy. The combustion catalyst or enhancer may beadded to solid fuel, preferably by spraying. Alternatively thecombustion catalyst or enhancer may be added to a gaseous fuel. Additionof the combustion catalyst or enhancer may be effected in a gas streamsupplying oxygen to a combustion process or in steam added to a turbine.

The method may also include altering the ratio of air to fuel in acombustion mixture to increase the amount of air or decrease the amountof fuel.

In a second aspect the invention resides in a method of mixing acombustion catalyst or enhancer with a fuel at extremely low levels ofthe combustion catalyst, said method including the steps of:

dissolving the combustion catalyst in water or other suitable solvent toform a first premix;

diluting the first premix by mixing it with a hydrophilic/oleophilicorganic compound to form a second premix;

diluting the second premix with fuel or other suitable material in oneor more dilution steps to provide a desired extremely low level ofcatalyst.

Suitably the hydrophilic/oleophilic organic compound may be isopropylalcohol or Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (“MTBE”) and/or methylethylketone(MEK) and/or methylisobutylketone (MIBK) and/or butanol. Methanol mayalso be suitable as can a variety of hydrophilic/oleophilic materials.

In a third aspect the invention resides in a method of mixing acombustion catalyst or combustion enhancer with a fuel, said methodcomprising the steps of:

mixing the combustion catalyst with a hydrophilic/oleophilic organiccompound such as isopropyl alcohol, MTBE or similar substance, toprovide a premix; and

mixing the premix with a fuel.

In a fourth aspect, the invention resides in a composition packcomprising one or more catalysts or combustion enhancers and a solvent,said solvent comprising water and/or isopropyl alcohol and/or MTBE orother suitable solvent wherein addition of the composition pack to apre-determined amount of fuel will provide a mixture with the catalystpresent at a concentration of less than 1 part per 100 million parts offuel.

In a fifth aspect, the invention may reside in a composition comprisinga fuel and a combustion catalyst wherein the combustion catalyst ispresent in a concentration of less than 1 part per 100 million parts offuel and most preferably between around 1 part per 240 billion parts offuel to around 1 part per 1.2 trillion parts of fuel and may be as lowas 1 part per 6 trillion parts of fuel.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

In this description, the term “internal combustion engine” includes allOtto and diesel gasoline and compressed gas engines or other engines,for both mobile (including marine) and stationary applications and ofthe two stroke per cycle, four stroke per cycle and rotary types.However it should be understood that the present invention may be workedwith any suitable form of combustion such as in boilers, turbines andheating fires. Use of the method and composition of this invention isnot restricted to use in engines alone but has a particular benefit inengine applications.

The present invention is predicated at least in part on the discovery bythe inventors that combustion catalysts or combustion enhancers may beeffective at extremely low levels when mixed with fuel. Those levels maybe in a range as low as 1 part per 240,000,000,000 parts (ie. 1 part per240 billion of fuel) to as low as 6,000,000,000,000 parts of fuel (ie. 1part per 6 trillion of fuel) or even lower.

The combustion catalyst or enhancer may comprise any catalyst orenhancer known to a skilled addressee. The catalyst or enhancer mayinclude one or more members of the group in Table I below:

TABLE I ruthenium (IV) oxide ruthenium (III) chloride ruthenium (III)chloride trihydrate ruthenium (III) bromide, and its hydrates ammoniumaquopentachlororuthenium (III), (NH₄)₂ RuCl₅•H₂O potassium ruthenium(VI) oxide rhodium (III) oxide rhodium (III) chloride, and its hydratesrhodium (III) nitrate, and its hydrates iridium (III) chloride iridium(III) oxide iridium (IV) oxide hydrogen hexachloroiridium (IV), and itshydrates ammonium hexachloroiridium (IV), and its hydrates osmiumtetroxide osmium (III) chloride platinum black platinum (IV) oxide, andits hydrates platinum (II) chloride platinum (IV) chloridePolyvinylchloride hydrogen hexachloroplatinum (IV) hydrate hydrogenhexahydroxoplatinum (IV) tetraammineplatinum (II) chloride monohydratedinitritodiammineplatinum (II) dihydrogen sulphatodinitrito platinum(II) tetraammineplatinum (II) dinitrate palladium (II) chloridepalladium (II) oxide palladium (II) nitratedihydrate ammoniumhexachloropalladium (IV) tetraamminepalladium (II) nitrate potassiumtetracyanopalladium (II) trihydrate potassium perrhenate rhenium (III)chloride tris (acetyl acetonate) rhenium (III)cis-Dichloro(2,2′-bipyridine)platinum (II), PtCl₂ (C₁₀ H₈ N₂)dichloro(1,5-cyclooctadiene)platinum (II), PtCl₂ (C₈ H₁₂)2-hydroxyethyanethiolato(2,2,′2″-terpyridine)platinum (II) nitrate,[Pt(C₂ H₅ OS)(C₁₅ H₁₁ N₃)]NO₃ tricarbonylchloro iridium (I),[IrCl(CO)₃]n chloro(1,5-cyclooctadiene)iridium (I) dimer [IrCl(C₈ H₁₂)]₂trans-dichlorobis(ethylenediamine), iridium (III) chloride, trans-[IrCl₂(C₂ H₈ N₂)₂]Cl rhodium (II) octanoate dimer, Rh₂ [O₂ C(CH₂)₆ CH₃]₄acetylacetonato(1,5-cyclooctadiene), rhodium (I), Rh(C₈ H₁₂)(C₅ H₇ O₂)acetylacetonato(norbornadiene), rhodium (I), Rh(C₇ H₈)(C₅ H₇ O₂)hydridotetrakis(triphenylphosphine), rhodium (I), RhH(PPh₃)₄diacetatobis(triphenylphosphine), palladium (II) (CH₃ CO₂)₂ Pd (PPh₃)₂Bis(dibenzylideneacetone), palladium (O) Pd(C₁₇ H₁₄ O)₂Dichloro[1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane]palladium (II) PdCl₂ (Ph₂ PCH₂CH₂ PPh₂) Palladium (II) trifluoracetate Pd(CF₃ CO₂)₂Acetatohydridotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II) RuH(OCOCH₃)(PPh₃)₃Bis(benzene)dichlorodi-.mu.-chlorodiruthenium (II) [RuCl₂ (C₆ H₆)₂]₂Tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium (O) (C₁₀ H₈ N₂)₃ RuCarbonyldihydridotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium (II) RuH₂ (CO)(PPh₃)₃Bis(cyclopentadienyl)ruthenium (II) “Ruthenocene” (C₅ H₅)₂ RuDihydridotetrakis(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium (II) RuH₂ (PPh₃)₄Ruthenium(III)hexafluoroacetylacetonate Ru(CF₃ COCHCOCF₃)₃ Ammoniumnitrate Dichloroethylenediammineplatinum (II) [Pt(C₂ H₈ N₂)Cl₂]Bis(acetylacetonato)platinum (II) [Pt(C₅ H₇ O₂)₂]Dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)platinum (II) [PtCl₂ (PPh₃)₂]Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)platinum (O) [Pt(PPh₃)₄]Bis(acetylacetonato)palladium (II) [Pd(C₅ H₇ O₂)₂]Dichloro(cycloocta-l,5-diene)palladium (II) [Pd(C₈ H₁₂)Cl₂]Chloro(.pi.-allyl)palladium (II) dimer [Pd(.pi.-C₃ H₅)Cl]₂ Palladium(II) acetate trimer [Pd(CH₃ CO₂)₂]₃ Tris(acetylacetonato)ruthenium (III)[Ru(C₅ H₇ O₂)₃] Hydridocarbonyltris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium (I)[Rh(H)(CO)(PPh₃)₃] Acetylacetonatodicarbonylrhodium (I) [Rh(CO)₂ (C₅ H₇O₂)] Tris(acetylacetonato)rhodium (III) [Rh(C₅ H₇ O₂)₃]Bromotris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium (I) [RhBr(PPh₃)₃] Rhodium (II)acetate dimer [Rh₂ (CO₂ CH₃)₄] Tris(acetylacetonato)iridium (III) [Ir(C₅H₇ O₂)₃] Dodecacarbonyltriosmium (O) Os₃ (CO)₁₂.

A preferred group is that set out in Table 2 below:

TABLE 2 PALLADIUM Palladium (II) Chloride also as the bromide, iodide,nitrate hydrate, oxide, sulfate hydrate and hydroxideTris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium (0)Dichloro(1,1-bisdiphenylphosphino)ferrocenepalladium (II) Allylpalladium(II) Chloride Dimer trans-Dichlorobis(acetonitrile)palladium (II)trans-Dichlorobis(benzonitrile)palladium (II)trans-Dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (II)trans-Acetato(triphenylphosphine)palladium (II)Dichloro(norbornadiene)palladium (II) 2,4 ñ Pentanedionate Palladium(II) PLATINUM Platinum (II) Chloride* Platinum (IV) Chloride* Platinum(IV) Oxide Hydrate (Adamsí Catalyst) 2,4 ñ Pentanedionate Platinum (II)Dibromo(1,5-cyclooctadiene)platinum (II)Diiodo(1,5-cyclooctadiene)platinum (II)Diphenyl(1,5-cyclooctadiene)platinum (II)Dichlorobis(acetonitrile)platinum (II) Dichlorobis(benzonitrile)platinum(II) Dichloro(norbornadiene)platinum (II) Dihydrogen Hexachloroplatinum(IV) *Also as the bromide, iodide and sulfide salts. RHODIUM Rhodium(III) Chloride Hydrate Rhodium (III) Iodide 2,4-Pentanedionate Rhodium(III) Dicarbonyl 2,4-Pentanedionate Rhodium (I)Chlorotris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium (I)Bromocarbonylbis(triphenylphosphine)rhodium (I)Chlorocarbonylbis(triphenylphosphine)rhodium (I)Chloro(norbornanediene)rhodium (I) Dimer Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)rhodium(I) tetrafuoroborate *Also available as the oxide, sulfate and bromidesalts. RUTHENIUM Ruthenium (III) Chloride HydrateDichlorotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium (II)Dichlorotricarbonylruthenium (II) Dimer 2,4-Pentanedionate Ruthenium(III) Dichloro(1,5-cyclooctadiene)ruthenium (III) OligomerDicarbonylbis(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium (II) Tri-ruthenium (0)Dodecacarbonyl Ruthenium Nitrosylnitrate *Also available in the oxide,bromide, iodide and ammine salts. IRIDIUM Iridium (IV) Chloride Hydrate2,4-Pentanedionate Iridium (III) 2,4-Pentanedionate Dicarbonyliridium(I) Chlorocarbonylbis(triphenylphosphine)iridium (I)Hydridocarbonyltris(triphenylphosphine)iridium (I)Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)iridium (I) tetrafluoroborate *Also available inthe iridium (III) chloride, oxide, hydroxide, bromide, sulfate andiodide salts. OSMIUM Osmium (VIII) Oxide

Further catalysts or enhancers are set out in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Lanthanum Cerium Praeseodymium Neodymium Promethium SamariumEuropium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium YtterbiumLutetium

The catalysts or enhancers may be in the form of fluorides, chlorides,bromides, sulphates, nitrates and hydrates in soluble form. The catalystor enhancer may be selected from the list in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Cobalt Nickel Manganese Iron Copper Molybdenun VanadiumZirconium Beryllium Chromium Aluminium Thorium Cadmium Tin CesiumPotassium Sodium Tantalum Titanium Carbon Lithium

Preferably the elements of Table 4 are present as fluorides, chlorides,bromides, sulphates, nitrates or hydrates.

It may be preferred to use organometallic complexes of the listedcatalysts and enhancers. Other electrolytes soluble in solvents atambient temperatures may also be beneficially applied.

In certain circumstances, it may be possible to have dilutions ofcombustion catalysts or enhancers below 1 part in 6 trillion of fuel. Itis envisaged that benefits may be obtained with levels as low as 1 partin 8 trillion or 10 trillion or even 12 trillion parts of fuel.

The combustion catalysts may include the noble metals being silver,gold, platinum, in particular, but also copper, mercury, aluminumpalladium, rhodium iridium and assnium.

When using the method of the present invention, the catalyst mayoriginate from the platinum group compounds. The catalysts may beorganic in nature. Suitable platinum group compounds may be potassiumhexachloroplatinate (IV) or hyrogen hexachloroplatinate (IV).Alternatively the combustion catalyst or enhancer may be polyvinylchloride (“PVC”) and/or ammonium nitrate.

In this specification, “Combustion Catalyst” or “Catalyst” or“Combustion Enhancer” or “Enhancer” or variations thereof include asubstance for addition to fuel which enhances the combustion of aprimary fuel to accomplish at least in part, one or more of complete orimproved oxidation of fuel, minimise or decrease formation of depositsand exhaust emissions, burn off existing deposits, and improve overalloperating efficiency of fuel combustion systems such as an internalcombustion engine. While “catalyst” includes a true catalyst in the formof a substance which modifies and increases the rate of a reactionwithout being consumed in the process, it is not restricted to thatdefinition and in this specification also includes substances whichenhance combustion but are also consumed. The terms may be used asalternatives or additively but should be understood to extend to bothclasses of compounds. In this specification, reference to combustioncatalyst or enhancer is reference to soluble compounds.

An internal combustion engine includes an engine in which the fuel isignited either by spark or compression including but not limited to theotto engine or gasoline engine, diesel or oil engine, gas turbine,stratified charge and Wankel and other rotary type engines, jet enginesand the like.

Fuels with which the present invention may be used include hydrocarbonfuels such as gas or gasoline, diesel fuel, gasohol and biofuels. Otherfuels such as methane, propane, butane, residual fuel, kerosene andaviation gas can also be used consistent with engine design andavailability. Distillate fuels are well known and usually contain amajor portion of a normally liquid fuel such as hydrocarbonaceouspetroleum distillate fuel (eg. motor gasoline and diesel fuel). Suchfuels can also contain materials such as alcohols, ethers, organonitratecompounds and the like (eg. methanol, ethanol, diethylether, methyletherand nitromethane). Also within the scope of this invention are liquidfuels derived from vegetable or mineral sources such as corn, alfalfa,shale and coal. Examples of some suitable fuel mixtures includecombinations of gasoline and ethanol, diesel fuel and ether, andgasoline and nitromethane. Particularly preferred fuels are diesel fueland gasoline. The expression may also include solid or gaseous fuels,bunker fuel and other heavy oils.

The catalysts or enhancers may be first combined with a suitable carrierwhich may be a solvent such as water or an organic or other suitablesolvent. This first combination forms an initial premix. The carryingmedium and catalyst may then be added to a further diluting compound toform a second premix. A suitable diluting compound in this regard isisopropyl alcohol which may mix with both water and gasoline, diesel orother hydrocarbon fuels. Alternatively or additionally, it may bepossible to use MTBE, methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, ether ormonoethyelene or other types of hydrophilic/oleophilic products.

The second premix is then further diluted with a further suitablecarrier to form a third premix or catalyst essence. The further carriermay be the same as used in the second premix step or it may be the endfuel or indeed any suitable material that would facilitate mixing ordispersal of the second premix into the final fuel component. Thecatalyst essence is easily transportable at this concentration and maybe forwarded and transported to an end user conveniently andeconomically.

The catalyst essence may be further diluted. A suitable factor ofdilution may be, for example, a factor of 1000. The diluting materialmay be the same medium used in the third premixing step or it may be theend fuel. This dilution forms the final premix combination or the basicmixture, which may be then added to the final fuel for combustion.

The examples set out below are by way of illustration only and shouldnot be viewed as limiting the scope of the present inventive concept. Itis important that complete and even dispersal occurs at each dilutionstage. The use of an electric agitation means is preferred for mixing.

EXAMPLE 1

An example of the method of catalyst addition according to the abovedescribed invention is as follows:

Step 1

4% to 10% by weight soluble catalyst is dissolved in 96-90% water,preferably purified. Hydrogen peroxide may also be used. Alternativelythe catalyst may be mixed with an alcohol, preferably a simple chainalcohol. The alcohol may be a light alcohol. Although the range is givenas 4% to 10%, the concentration of catalyst may be higher or, indeed,lower, provided the catalyst is evenly dissolved or distributed throughthe mixing solution or solvent. One eventual aim is to produce arelatively even distribution of catalyst in the final fuel mixture.

Step 2

One gram of the combination of step 1 is added to 19 grams of isopropylalcohol, and/or MTBE. In an alternative method, water may be used inStep 2. It is also possible to use fuel as the diluent in this step.

Step 3

The combined mixture of step 2 (ie. 20 grams) is added to 980 grams of asuitable diluting liquid. The diluting liquid may be the final fuelcomponent or alternatively it may be a substance which will disperse ordissolve in the final fuel component. Isopropyl alcohol and MTBE areexamples of such suitable substances. Water may be also used.

Step 4

The product of step 3 may then be diluted by a further factor of 1000 inone or more of the compounds as used in step 3 or in a volume of thefinal combustible fuel component. This dilution forms the basic catalystmixture. The dilution factor of 1000 may be varied if desired to producea preferred concentration of catalyst in the final product. If water isused in Step 4, it is preferred to add 1 part of the substance producedto 20 parts of isopropyl alcohol and/or MTBE, which may then be added tofuel in Step 5. If water is used in Step 4 as the mixing liquid orsolvent and the fuel is diesel, the product of Step 4 may be addeddirectly to diesel fuel at a rate of 50 ppm or less. Some difficultiesmay be encountered at the higher rate in cold weather.

Step 5

The basic catalyst mixture of step 4 is added to fuel at the ratio ofbetween around 10 parts per million to 80 parts per million of the fuel,by weight to provide the ultimate concentration in the range of about 1part catalyst per 240,000,000,000 (240 billion) parts of fuel to 1 partcatalyst per 6,000,000,000,000 (6 trillion) parts of fuel by weight. Itis clear to a person skilled in the art that suitable amendments may bemade to give any desired concentration of less than 1 part of catalystor enhancer per 100 million parts of fuel and greater or equal to 1 partcatalyst per 6 trillion parts of fuel (6,000,000,000,000).

When a fully miscible hydrophilic and oleophilic organic compound, suchas isopropyl alcohol, is used, the ultimate mixing with fuel isrelatively straight forward. However other ingredients may requireconsiderable mechanical mixing or agitation to disperse or dissolveeffectively. This may be the case particularly when significantquantities of water are used.

If the combustion catalyst is dissolved initially in water and thenextended with water by a factor of 10 to 1 or 1000 to 1 before ahydrophilic/oleophilic compound is added, it has been found by theinventors that it is difficult to fully disperse the catalyst throughthe fuel and constant or intensive mixing or agitation may be requiredto achieve a satisfactory result. It is noted that the scope of theinvention extends to combinations of catalysts or enhancers. Thecombined total of catalyst or enhancers may still fall within thepreferred limits. Alternatively, the individual additives may be withinthe preferred limits while in combination with other additives.

EXAMPLE 2 Step 1

Eight parts by weight of catalyst are dissolved in 92 parts of water orother solvent.

Step 2

One part of the mixture of step 1 is added to 1000 to 2000 parts byweight of a hydrophilic/oleophilic organic compound such as isopropylalcohol. This forms a mixture which is fully miscible with fuel.Alternative mixing liquids are MTBE and/or water or even the end fuel.This premix may be termed the essential premix.

Step 3

The essential premix may be diluted by a factor of 1000 with fuel or amaterial that is fully compatible with fuel to produce a premix whichmay be termed the basic premix. At this stage the catalyst may bepresent at a concentration of 1 part per 12 million to 1 part per 100million. The compatible substance may, for example, be one or more ofisopropyl alcohol, MTBE and water.

The basic premix may then be added to fuel at the rate to 10 to 50 partsper million.

Step 4

The basic premix may be extended by a factor of 20,000 to 100,000 timeswhen added to the final fuel volume. The dilution factor is selected togive a preferred result wherein the catalyst is present in the fuel thatis combusted in the range of about 1 part per 240 billion to about 1part per 1.2 trillion. Suitable dilution factors may be selected toprovide a level as low as 1 part per 6 trillion parts of fuel. However,it should be understood that the range may be less than 1 part in 100million of catalyst to fuel and as low as 1 part in 6 trillion ofcatalyst to fuel.

The inventors have unexpectedly shown that catalysts, includingcombustion enhancers, may be effective at extremely low levels which maybe difficult to detect.

The steps of the method may be separated in time. Additionallyindividual steps may be broken down into multiple sub-steps that aperson skilled in the art would understand to provide the same results.

Without seeking to limit the invention to any one theory of operation,the inventors speculate that small concentrations of a catalyst causethe molecules in fuel to be ideally positioned to contact each other andto combine with oxygen. That is, the number of catalyst molecules isvery small compared to the number of fuel molecules and this allows amaximum number of fuel molecules to reach an individual catalystmolecule.

It is known that catalysts at high concentrations often form complexes.It is theorised that any of the catalysts being used have a highefficacy at high concentrations because the complexes of the catalysttake up less space than an equivalent number of individual catalystmolecules. As the catalyst is diluted, the complexes become locatedfurther apart and there is more fuel in between them so theeffectiveness of the catalytic presence is decreased. It also theorisedthat as the catalyst is further diluted the complexes begin to decreasein size which results in less molecules being present in each complex.This may allow more fuel molecules to reach more catalyst molecules andso the effectiveness of the catalyst begins to increase. The limit ofthis effect may be achieved when a dilution is obtained in which onlyindividual catalyst molecules are present (ie. no complexes ofcatalysts) at which stage the catalyst again displays an effectivecombustion enhancing capacity. Any further dilution after this pointwill result in the spread of individual catalyst molecules further andfurther apart with substantial numbers of intervening fuel molecules.Thus a rapid decrease in effectiveness will eventually occur. Frominitial observations, it appears that the maximum effectiveness of thepresent invention may occur in the range of about 1 part of catalyst per240 billion parts of fuel to 1 part per 1.2 trillion parts of fuel.However, it is noted that a combustion enhancing efficacy is providedover a considerable range in the extremely low range of catalystpresence provided for by the present invention and may extend as low as1 part catalyst per 6 trillion parts of fuel or even lower.

As a further possible part of the theoretical basis of the presentinvention it is noted that Avogadro's number is 6.02×10²³ which is thenumber of atoms contained in 1 mole of any substance. Therefore even atthe dilution of one part in a trillion, there would be approximately6.02×10¹¹ catalyst molecules for every 6.02×20²³ fuel molecules.Therefore every litre of fuel even at extremely low concentrations willstill contain billions of catalyst molecules. As a result, it appearsthat use of a catalyst will provide a type of reverse Bell curve ofperformance for a catalyst that provides efficacy at a relatively highlevel which then decreases with decreasing concentrations of catalystbefore producing an almost paradoxical up-swing of effectiveness as theconcentration of catalyst continues to decrease. This effectivenessincreases with decreasing presence of the catalyst until it eventuallycommences to fall away rapidly. This may occur when a dilution in excessin 1 part of catalyst to 6 trillion parts of fuel is obtained. However,as noted, the applicant does not wish to be bound to any one theory andoffers the above by way of speculative explanation only.

EXAMPLE 3 Step 1

8 parts by weight of catalyst (polyvinyl chloride or potassiumhexachloroplatinate (IV), hydrogen hexachloroplatinate (IV) or ammoniumnitrate or any heavy metal salt catalyst that will not interfere withother catalysts present in a combustion or exhaust system) is dissolvedin 92 parts by weight of water.

Step 2

One part of the mixture of step 1 is added to 1000 to 2000 parts of ahydrophilic/oleophilic organic compound (eg. isopropyl alcohol or MTBE)to make a mixture which is miscible with fuel and which may be termedthe “essential” premix.

Step 3

One part of the essential premix in step 2 is added to 1000 parts of theend fuel type to produce a final premix which may be termed “the basicpremix”.

Step 4

The basic premix is added to fuel to be combusted at the rate ofapproximately 50 parts per million. This provides the final combustiblemixture which preferably has catalyst or enhancer present in the rangeof 1 part per 240 billion to 1 part per 1.2 trillion. Suitable dilutionfactors may be selected to give a range of between 1 part per 200million to 1 part per 6 trillion of fuel or even lower. The basic premixmay be diluted to make it more accurately and easily measured when addedto fuel.

Other heavy metal catalysts may be used in the method of Example 3.Particular usefulness is obtained when a salt form of a heavy metal isrecruited, especially a chloride.

Using this method the inventors have surprisingly discovered that PVCwhich is not normally known as a catalyst or combustion enhancer may actas such.

It is preferred that the catalyst be present in the basic premix atapproximately 1 part per 12 million to 1 part per 100 million of themixture. The basic premix can be easily measured and added to fuel atthe rate of 10 to 50 parts per million as required to provide preferredconcentrations. The accuracy of this step may be enhanced by dilutingthe basic premix by a further factor of twenty prior to adding to theend fuel mixture.

The present invention may provide an advantage in that small amounts ofcatalyst may be dissolved initially in an amount of a hydrogen/oxygencompound such as water or hydrogen peroxide or in an organic solvent.

The method also provides a procedure for making the mixture misciblewith fuel using a small amount of hydrophilic/oleophilic organiccompound and then extending that mixture in the fuel in which it is tobe used or with a material that readily mixes with the final fuelcomponent.

In using the method of the present invention to its maximum advantage,it may be necessary to adjust settings controlling the ratio of air andfuel mixtures in a combustion engine. One advantage may arise fromdecreasing the fuel to air ratio as a result of the fuel being morecompletely and efficiently combusted to provide a higher energy returnper volume. This may provide greater economy and also lower theemissions produced in the combustion engine.

When using the method of the present invention with solid fuel thecatalyst mixture may be sprayed onto the solid fuel prior to combustion.The catalyst may be added on a weight basis to the same concentration aswith a liquid mix. Alternatively, the catalyst mixture may be introducedthrough the air stream providing oxygen for combustion in an engine. Amixture of catalyst and solvent may be prepared and sprayed into an airstream at a predetermined amount to give a suitable low catalyst/fuelmixture. In some turbines, especially those used to generateelectricity, steam is introduced to cool the combustion chamber. Thecatalyst may be introduced in these applications through steam. Thecatalyst may be added directly to steam or, preferably, first combinedwith water, isopropyl alcohol, MTBE or other suitable product. The rateof application will vary with relative quantities of steam and fuel butmay be easily calculated by a skilled addressee to provide an endmixture of catalyst and fuel in the preferred range.

In one embodiment the present method may be worked by adding catalystsat extremely low levels to lubricant engine oil so that the catalyst issupplied to the combustion chamber by the lubrication of cylinders withengine oil. In this instance, the catalyst may be used at a greaterconcentration in the lubricant as the amount of oil left residual on acylinder barrel between combustion cycles is minute. The concentrationof catalyst in engine oil may suitably be in the range of 1 part permillion.

The advantages provided by the present invention include economy andincreased efficiency. Fuel will bum more effectively and completely toprovide an increased energy yield. A lower excitation rate is requiredto initiate combustion and a more even combustion is obtained throughoutthe air fuel mixture. This results in an avoidance of hot spots whichrisk damage to an engine and produce NO_(x). The more completecombustion may cause combustion of carbon and therefore avoidance ofbuild up of deposits in cylinders.

The incorporation of the combustion catalysts into fuel may reduceemissions and smoke formation due to incomplete combustion deposits.

Although the description has been in relation to ratios based on weight,it is readily apparent that ratios may be equally well determined on avolume basis or a weight to volume basis.

Throughout the specification the aim has been to describe the preferredembodiments of the invention without limiting the invention to any oneembodiment or specific collection of features. Those of skill in the artwill therefore appreciate that, in light of the instant disclosure,various modifications and changes can be made in the particularembodiments exemplified without departing from the scope of the presentinvention. All such modifications and changes are intended to beincluded within the scope of the appendant claims.

1-47. (canceled)
 48. A composition of fuel and at least one combustioncatalyst or enhancer wherein the combustion catalyst or enhancer ispresent in a concentration of between less than 1 part by weight ofcombustion catalyst or enhancer per 100 million parts of fuel andgreater than or equal to 1 part by weight per 12 trillion parts of fuel.49. The composition of fuel and at least one combustion catalyst orenhancer of claim 48 wherein the combustion catalyst or enhancer ispresent in a concentration of between less than 1 part by weight ofcombustion catalyst or enhancer per 500 million parts of fuel andgreater than or equal to 1 part by weight per 6 trillion.
 50. Thecomposition of fuel and at least one combustion catalyst or enhancer ofclaim 48 wherein the combustion catalyst or enhancer is present in aconcentration of between less than 1 part by weight of combustioncatalyst or enhancer per billion (1000 million) parts of fuel andgreater than or equal to 1 part by weight per 6 trillion parts of fuel.51. The composition of fuel and at least one combustion catalyst orenhancer of claim 48 wherein the combustion catalyst or enhancer ispresent in a concentration of between around 1 part by weight ofcombustion catalyst or enhancer per 100 billion parts of fuel and around1 part by weight of combustion catalyst or enhancer per 6 trillion partsof fuel.
 52. The composition of claim 48 wherein the at least onecombustion catalyst or enhancer is present in a concentration of between1 part by weight of combustion catalyst or enhancer to 100 billion partsof fuel and around 1 part by weight of combustion catalyst or enhancerto 6 trillion parts of fuel.
 53. The composition of claim 48 wherein atleast one of the combustion catalysts or enhancers are selected from thegroup consisting of ruthenium (IV) oxide, ruthenium (III) chloride,ruthenium (III) chloride trihydrate, ruthenium (III) bromide and itshydrates, ammonium aquopentachlororuthenium (III) (NH₄)₂RuCl₅.H₂O,potassium ruthenium (VI) oxide, rhodium (III) oxide, rhodium (III)chloride and its hydrates, rhodium (III) nitrate and its hydrates,iridium (III) chloride, iridium (III) oxide, iridium (IV) oxide,hydrogen hexachloroiridium (IV) and its hydrates, ammoniumhexachloroiridium (IV) and its hydrates, osmium tetroxide, osmium (III)chloride, platinum black, platinum (IV) oxide and its hydrates, platinum(II) chloride, platinum (IV) chloride, Polyvinylchloride, hydrogenhexachloroplatinum (IV) hydrate, hydrogen hexahydroxoplatinum (IV),tetraamineplatinum (II) chloride monohydrate, dinitritodiamineplatinum(II), dihydrogen sulphatodinitrito platinum (II), tetraamineplatinum(II) dinitrate, palladium (II) chloride, palladium (II) oxide, palladium(II) nitratedihydrate, ammonium hexachloropalladium (IV),tetraaminepalladium (II) nitrate, potassium tetracyanopalladium (II)trihydrate, potassium perrhenate, rhenium (III) chloride, tris (acetylacetonate) rhenium (III), cis-Dichloro(2,2′-bipyridine)platinum (II)PtCl₂ (C₁₀H₈N₂), dichloro(1,5-cyclooctadiene)platinum (II) PtCl₂(C₈H₁₂), 2-hydroxyethanethiolato(2,2′,2″-terpyridine)platinum (II)nitrate [Pt (C₂H₅OS) (C₁₅H₁₁N₃)]NO₃, tricarbonylchloroiridium (I),[IrCl(CO)₃]_(n), chloro(1,5-cyclooctadiene)iridium (I) dimer[IrCl(C₈H₁₂)]_(2,)trans-dichlorobis(ethylenediamine)iridium (III)chloride trans-[IrCl₂(C₂H₈N₂)₂]Cl, rhodium (II) octanoate dimerRh₂[O₂C(CH₂)₆CH₃]₄, acetylacetonato(1,5-cyclooctadiene) rhodium (I)Rh(C₈H₁₂)(C₅H₇O₂), acetylacetonato(norbornadiene) rhodium (I) Rh(C₇H₈)(C₅H₇O₂), hydridotetrakis(triphenylphosphine) rhodium (I) RhH(PPh₃)₄,diacetatobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (II) (CH₃CO₂)₂Pd(PPh₃)₂,Bis(dibenzylideneacetone) palladium (0) Pd(C₁₇H₁₄O)₂,Dichloro[1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane]palladium (II)PdCl₂(Ph₂PCH₂CH₂PPh₂), Palladium (II) trifluoracetate Pd (CF₃CO₂)₂,Acetatohydridotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II) RuH(OCOCH₃) (PPh₃)₃,Bis(benzene)dichlorodi-.mu.-chlorodiruthenium (II) [RuCl₂(C₆H₆)₂]₂,Tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium (0) (C₁₀H₈N₂)₃Ru,Carbonyldihydridotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium (II) RuH₂ (CO)(PPh₃)₃, Bis (cyclopentadienyl)ruthenium (II) “Ruthenocene” (C₅H₅)₂Ru,Dihydridotetrakis(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium (II) RuH₂(PPh₃)₄,Ruthenium(III)hexafluoroacetylacetonate Ru (CF₃COCHCOCF₃)₃, Ammoniumnitrate, Dichloroethylenediamineplatinum (II) [Pt(C₂H₈N₂)Cl₂],Bis(acetylacetonato)platinum (II) [Pt(C₅H₇O₂)₂],Dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)platinum (II) [PtCl₂(PPh₃)₂],Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)platinum (0) [Pt(PPh₃)₄],Bis(acetylacetonato)palladium (II) [Pd(C₅H₇O₂)₂],Dichloro(cycloocta-1,5-diene)palladium (II) [Pd(C₈H₁₂)Cl₂],Chloro(.pi.-allyl)palladium (II) dimer [Pd(.pi.-C₃H₅)Cl]₂, Palladium(II) acetate trimer [Pd(CH₃CO₂)₂]-₃, Tris(acetylacetonato)ruthenium(III) [Ru(C₅H₇O₂)₃], Hydridocarbonyltris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium (I)[Rh(H)(CO)(PPh₃)₃], Acetylacetonatodicarbonylrhodium (I)[Rh(CO)₂(C₅H₇O₂)], Tris(acetylacetonato)rhodium (III) [Rh(C₅H₇O₂)₃],Bromotris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium (I) [RhBr(PPh₃)₃], Rhodium (II)acetate dimer [Rh₂(CO₂CH₃)₄], Tris(acetylacetonato)iridium (III)[Ir(C₅H₇O₂)₃], Dodecacarbonyltriosmium (O) OS₃(CO)₁₂.
 54. Thecomposition of claim 48 wherein at least one of the combustion catalystsor enhancers are selected from the group consisting of Palladium (II)Chloride or the bromide, iodide, nitrate hydrate, oxide, sulfate hydratea n d hydroxide; Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium (0);Dichloro(1,1-bisdiphenylphosphino)ferrocenepalladium (II);Allylpalladium (II) Chloride Dimer;trans-Dichlorobis(acetonitrile)palladium (II);trans-Dichlorobis(benzonitrile)palladium (II);trans-Dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (II);trans-Acetato(triphenylphosphine)palladium (II);Dichloro(norbornadiene)palladium (II); 2,4 ñ Pentanedionate Palladium(II); Platinum (II) Chloride; Platinum (IV) Chloride, or bromide, iodideand sulfide salts; Platinum (IV) Oxide Hydrate (Adamsí Catalyst); 2,4 ñPentanedionate Platinum (II); Dibromo(1,5-cyclooctadiene)platinum (II);Diiodo(1,5-cyclooctadiene)platinum (II);Diphenyl(1,5-cyclooctadiene)platinum (II);Dichlorobis(acetonitrile)platinum (II);Dichlorobis(benzonitrile)platinum (II); Dichloro(norbornadiene)platinum(II); Dihydrogen Hexachloroplatinum (IV); Rhodium (III) ChlorideHydrate; Rhodium (III) Iodide, or oxide, sulfate or bromide salts;2,4-Pentanedionate Rhodium (III); Dicarbonyl 2,4-Pentanedionate Rhodium(I); Chlorotris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium (I);Bromocarbonylbis(triphenylphosphine)rhodium (I);Chlorocarbonylbis(triphenylphosphine)rhodium (I);Chloro(norbornanediene)rhodium (I) Dimer; Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)rhodium(I) tetrafluoroborate; Ruthenium (III) Chloride Hydrate, or the oxide,bromide, iodide and amine salts;Dichlorotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium (II);Dichlorotricarbonylruthenium (II) Dimer; 2,4-Pentanedionate Ruthenium(III); Dichloro(1,5-cyclooctadiene)ruthenium (III) Oligomer;Dicarbonylbis(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium (II); Tri-ruthenium (0)Dodecacarbonyl; Ruthenium Nitrosylnitrate; Iridium (IV) ChlorideHydrate, iridium (III) chloride, oxide, hydroxide, bromide, sulfate oriodide salts; 2,4-Pentanedionate Iridium (III); 2,4-PentanedionateDicarbonyliridium (I); Chlorocarbonylbis(triphenylphosphine)iridium (I);Hydridocarbonyltris(triphenylphosphine)iridium (I);Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)iridium (I) tetrafluoroborate; Osmium (VIII)Oxide.
 55. The composition of claim 48 wherein at least one of thecombustion catalysts or enhancers are selected from the group consistingof fluoride, chloride, bromide, sulfate, nitrate salts and hydrates insoluble form of the following metals: Lanthanum, Cerium, Praeseodymium,Neodymium, Promethium, Samarium, Europium, Gadolinium, Terbium,Dysprosium, Holmium, Erbium, Thulium, Ytterbium, Lutetium.
 56. Thecomposition of claim 48 wherein at least one of the combustion catalystsor enhancers are selected from the group consisting of fluoride,chloride, bromide, sulfate or nitrate salts or hydrates of the followingelements: Cobalt, Nickel, Manganese, Iron, Copper, Molybdenum, Vanadium,Zirconium, Chromium, Aluminium, Thorium, Cadmium, Tin, Tantalum,Titanium and Carbon.
 57. The composition of claim 48 wherein at leastone of the combustion catalysts or enhancers comprise a noble element orcompound thereof.
 58. The composition of claim 48 wherein at least onecombustion catalyst or enhancer is one or more of potassiumhexachloroplatinate (IV) and hydrogen hexachloroplatinate (IV).
 59. Thecomposition of claim 48 wherein at least one combustion catalyst orenhancer is one of polyvinylchloride and/or ammonium nitrate.
 60. Thecomposition of claim 48 further comprising one or more of isopropylalcohol, methanol, ethanol, MTBE, methylethylketone andmethylisobutylketone.
 61. A method of making a composition of claim 48,said method comprising the steps of: mixing at least one combustioncatalyst or enhancer with water or other solvent to form a first premix;mixing the first premix with a hydrophilic/oleophilic organic compoundto form a second premix; mixing the second premix with the fuel or amedium compatible with the fuel to form a third premix; and mixing thethird premix with liquid fuel to provide a concentration of between 1part by weight of at least one combustion catalyst or enhancer to 100million parts of fuel and greater than or equal to 1 part by weight ofcombustion catalyst or enhancer to 12 trillion parts of fuel.
 62. Themethod of claim 61 wherein one or more of the steps may be furtherdivided into separate substeps.
 63. The method of claims 61 whereinmixing is performed using electric agitation means.
 64. The method ofclaim 61 wherein the other solvent is one or more of isopropyl alcohol,methanol, ethanol, MTBE, methylethylketone and methylisobutylketone. 65.The method of claim 61 wherein the hydrophilic/oleophilic compound isone or more of isopropyl alcohol, methanol, ethanol, MTBE,methylethylketone and methylisobutylketone.
 66. The method of claim 61wherein the medium compatible with fuel is one or more of isopropylalcohol, methanol, ethanol, MTBE, methylethylketone andmethylisobutylketone.